King Saud University Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

King Saud University - Essay Example They offer a complete free tuition in addition of providing scholarships to both the International and Saudi Arabia students. The university is situated in vast state of modern art campus in addition of being equipped with the modern technological instructions. For Internal audit to remain important to the King Saud University management then it must always adapt to the ever changing expectations of the seven universities in addition of maintaining alignment with the objectives of the university. There should be a systematic and a structured process for developing the internal audit strategic plan for the university; the strategic plan will include the following in addition to the mission and vision of the university; For the three years strategic plan, the initial step should be â€Å"Planning to plan† it should represent the necessary work before the beginning of primary planning process. The university internal management should agree on the efforts of overall strategic planning and the significant planning steps that will be undertaken. The university organization should also consider, evaluate and review the legislative/constitutional mandate since this will determine their future as well as daily academic business. The mission and vision of the university should also be its considerations before coming up with strategic planning. For the three years strategic planning, the university should identify its purpose and mandate of existence to avoid unnecessary conflict that might arise, which can also help in channeling a productive discussion and activity. The vision statement will make the university identify how it will appear in the future after successfully implemented its strategies as well as achieving its full potentiality. The three year strategic plan should also include a developed internal audit’s strategic vision. It should identify the responsibilities functional roles, mandates, stakeholders’ needs and

Legitimacy Theory Essay Example for Free

Legitimacy Theory Essay â€Å"Legitimacy is a generalized perception or assumption that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, beliefs, and definitions† (Suchman, 1995, p. 574, emphasis in original) Legitimacy theory has become one of the most cited theories within the social and environmental accounting area. Yet there remains deep scepticism amongst many researchers that it offers any real insight into the voluntary disclosures of corporations. This brief paper outlines responses to two specific concerns identified in the literature. It will eventually form part of a much larger project addressing a range of issues associated with legitimacy theory. First, the paper brings some of the more recent developments in the management and ethical literature on legitimacy and corporations to the accounting table. Second, there are contributions to the theory that have already been made by accounting researchers that are yet to be fully recognised. The author believes that legitimacy theory does offer a powerful mechanism for understanding voluntary social and environmental disclosures made by corporations, and that this understanding would provide a vehicle for engaging in critical public debate. The problem for legitimacy theory in contributing to our understanding of accounting disclosure specifically, and as a theory in general, is that the term has on occasion been used fairly loosely. This is not a problem of the theory itself, and the observation could be equally applied to a range of theories in a range of disciplines (see for example Caudill (1997) on the abuse of Evolutionary Theory). Failure to adequately specify the theory has been identified by Suchman (1995, p. 572, emphasis in original), who observed that â€Å"Many researchers employ the term legitimacy, but few define it†. Hybels (1995, p. 241) comments that â€Å"As the tradesmen [sic] of social science have groped to build elaborate theoretical structures with which to shelter their careers and  disciplines, legitimation has been a blind man’s hammer.† This paper begins to address these issues. Not One Theory but Two (at least) An important issue which needs to be acknowledged is that there are in fact two major classes of legitimacy theory. These are graphically presented in Figure 1 below. The ‘macro-theory’ of legitimation, known as Institutional Legitimacy Theory, deals with how organisational structures as a whole (capitalism for example, or government) have gained acceptance from society at large. â€Å"Within this tradition, legitimacy and institutionalization are virtually synonymous. Both phenomena empower organizations primarily by making them seem natural and meaningful† (Suchman, 1995, p. 576, emphasis in original). In terms of accounting research, given the time frames involved and questions generally being considered, the current business environment, including the capitalist structure, democratic government, etc. are generally taken as a given, a static context within which the research is situated. This assumption would, however, need to be carefully considered for a longitudinal study of any significant length. Figure 1: Layers of Legitimacy Theory INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL GOVERNMENT RELIGION SOCIETY CAPITALISM ORGANISATIONAL LEVEL (IN THIS CASE: COMPANY LTD BY SHARE) Establishment Defence Extension Maintenance From the Moral to the Measurable One layer down from the Institutional Level is what in Figure 1 is called the â€Å"Organisational Level† (sometimes referred to as Strategic Legitimacy Theory). â€Å"Underlying organizational legitimacy is a process, legitimation, by which an organization seeks approval (or avoidance of sanction) from groups in society† (Kaplan and Ruland, 1991, p. 370). It is from this level  that most accounting research tends to draw its understanding of legitimacy. Mathews (1993, p. 350) provides a good definition of legitimacy at this level: Organisations seek to establish congruence between the social values associated with or implied by their activities and the norms of acceptable behaviour in the larger social system in which they are a part. In so far as these two value systems are congruent we can speak of organisational legitimacy. When an actual or potential disparity exists between the two value systems there will exist a threat to organisational legitimacy. At its simplest, within the Organisational view â€Å"legitimacy [is] an operational resource that organizations extract often competitively from their cultural environments and that they employ in pursuit of their goals† (Suchman, 1995, p. 575 6, emphasis in original). Legitimacy, just like money, is a resource a business requires in order to operate. Certain actions and events increase that legitimacy, and others decrease it. Low legitimacy will have particularly dire consequences for an organisation, which could ultimately lead to the forfeiture of their right to operate. Although we can describe a firm as being legitimate, and conceive of ‘amounts’ of legitimacy, it becomes a very subjective exercise to try and directly measure legitimacy. Although it has concrete consequences, legitimacy itself is an abstract concept, given reality by multiple actors in the social environment. For a researcher to try and directly establish, or even rank, the legitimacy of various organisations would seem to be a necessarily subjective undertaking, preferencing the researcher’s own views. As Hybels (1995, p. 243) argues, â€Å"I reject this view because it is based on a conflation of the roles of observer and participant in social science†. As an alternative, rather than trying to subjectively measure a firm’s legitimacy directly it can instead be inferred from the fact that being legitimate â€Å"enables organizations to attract resources necessary for survival (e.g., scarce materials, patronage, political approval)† (Hearit, 1995, p. 2). Hybels (1995, p. 243) develops this in some detail: Legitimacy often has been conceptualized as simply one of many resources that organizations must obtain from their environments. But rather than viewing legitimacy as something that is exchanged among institutions, legitimacy is better conceived as both part of the context for exchange and  a by-product of exchange. Legitimacy itself has no material form. It exists only as a symbolic representation of the collective evaluation of an institution, as evidenced to both observers and participants perhaps most convincingly by the flow of resources. †¦ resources must have symbolic import to function as value in social exchange. But legitimacy is a higher-order representation of that symbolism – a representation of representations. Hybels (1995, p. 243) argues that good models in legitimacy theory must examine the relevant stakeholders, and how â€Å"Each influences the flow of resources crucial to the organizations’ establishment, growth, and survival, either through direct control or by the communication of good will†. He identifies (p. 244) four critical organisational stakeholders, each of which control a number of resources. These are summarised in Table 1 below. Table 1: Critical Organisational Stakeholder STAKEHOLDER RESOURCES CONTROLLED Contracts, grants, legislation, regulation, tax (Note that the (1) The state last three of these could be either a ‘negative’ or ‘positive’ depending on the implementation) (2) The public (3) The financial community (4) The media Few ‘direct resources’; however, can substantially influence the decisions of stakeholders (2) (3) (if not (1)) Patronage (as customer), support (as community interest), labour Investment The last of these has received considerable attention. The power of the media has been noted by a number of researchers, including Patten (2002, p. 153), who states â€Å"that while increased media attention can certainly lead to the potential for increased pressures from any of the three sources [dissatisfaction of public; new or proposed political action; increased regulatory oversight], increases in pressure can  also arise, particularly with respect to regulatory oversight.† See also Deegan et al. (2000, 2002). Companies try to manage their legitimacy because it â€Å"helps to ensure the continued inflow of capital, labour and customers necessary for viability†¦ It also forestalls regulatory activities by the state that might occur in the absence of legitimacy and pre-empts product boycotts or other disruptive actions by external parties By mitigating these potential problems, organizational legitimacy provides managers with a degree of autonomy to decide how and where business will be conducted† (Neu  et al., 1998, p. 265). Researchers need to move away from trying to directly assess legitimacy, and instead focus on measuring it in terms of the resources relevant stakeholders provide. â€Å"Rather than engage in the further development of entirely abstract constructions of the legitimation process†¦ researchers should investigate the flow of resources from organizational constituencies as well as the pattern and content of communications† (Hybels, 1995, p. 244). But Wait†¦ There’s More As shown in Figure 1 Organisational Legitimacy Theory suggests that a firm may be in one of four phases with regard to its legitimacy. These phases are outlined below, some examples of industries/firms that might be considered to be operating in each of these phases are included (further research needs to be undertaken in this area). Establishing Legitimacy. (E.g. Stem Cell based bio-tech). This first phase represents the early stages of a firm’s development and tends to revolve around issues of competence, particularly financial, but the organisation must be aware of â€Å"socially constructed standards of quality and desirability as well as perform in accordance with accepted standards of professionalism† (Hearit, 1995, p. 2). Maintaining Legitimacy. (The majority of organisations). This is the phase that most firms would generally expect to be operating in, where their â€Å"activities include: (1) ongoing role performance and symbolic assurances that all is well, and (2) attempts to anticipate and prevent or forestall potential challenges to legitimacy† (Ashford and Gibbs, 1990, p. 183). However the maintenance of legitimacy is not as easy as it may at first appear. Legitimacy is a dynamic construct. â€Å"Community expectations are not considered static, but rather, change across time thereby requiring organisations to be responsive to the environment in which they operate. An organisation could, accepting this view, lose its legitimacy even if it has not changed its activities from activities which were previously deemed acceptable (legitimate)† (Deegan et al., 2002, p. 319 20). Extending Legitimacy. (E.g. Alternative Health Providers). There may come a point where an organisation enters new markets or changes the way it relates to its current market. This can give rise to a need to extend  legitimacy which is â€Å"apt to be intense and proactive as management attempts to win the confidence and support of wary potential constituents† (Ashford and Gibbs, 1990, p. 180). Defending Legitimacy. (E.g. Uranium Mining). Legitimacy may be threatened by an incident (internal or external), and therefore require defence. â€Å"Legitimation activities tend to be intense and reactive as management attempts to counter the threat† (Ashford and Gibbs, 1990, p. 183). Even barring a major incident it is likely in the Western Capitalist system that almost every corporation will regularly need to defend its legitimacy, by the mere fact that â€Å"corporations must fulfil both a competence and community requirement to realize legitimacy†¦ Satisfaction of stockholder interests often occurs at the expense of community concerns (e.g., the despoiling of the environment, the use of labour) while, conversely, responsibility to the larger community often occurs at the expense of the stockholder† (Hearit, 1995, p. 3). It is this last phase that has tended to be the main focus of accounting researchers. It also provides us with the clearest opportunity to examine the crucial link between legitimacy and resources. Lindblom (1994), a key paper cited by many Social and Environmental Accounting researchers, also seems relevant specifically to this phase only. An example of work in this area is Deegan et al.’s (2000) study of five major incidents (including the Exxon Valdez oil spill and the Bhopal Disaster) which provided a context to examine the annual reports of related (in industrial terms) Australian firms to see if there had been a significant change in their social or environmental reporting. They concluded: The results of this study are consistent with legitimacy theory and show that companies do appear to change their disclosure policies around the time of major company and industry related social events. †¦ These results highlight the strategic nature of voluntary social disclosures and are consistent with a view that management considers that annual report social disclosures are a useful device to reduce the effects upon a corporation of events that are perceived to be unfavourable to a corporation’s image (Deegan et al., 2000, p. 127). The Diagnosis Needs Refinement This is where the traditional legitimacy model stops. However my own  research, into the tobacco industry, Tilling (2004), and that of other researchers, including experimental research undertaken by O’Donovan (2002), suggest a further development of the Organisational Legitimacy Level, as depicted in Figure 2 below. Added to the model is the possibility that a firm may not successfully (or may be unable to) defend the threat to its legitimacy and actually start to lose legitimacy. Figure 2: Refinement of the Organisational Level of Legitimacy Theory Establishment Loss Defence Disestablishment Extension Maintenance In this model the defence phase is usually entered by an organisation after some form of one-off ‘incident’ or ‘accident’ which threatens its legitimacy. This phase could be characterised as being ‘acute’, it can be serious, some times even fatal, but usually, with proper management, the organisation can maintain, or at least recover, its legitimacy. However should there be an ongoing series of events, indicative of a systemic issue, e.g. the nuclear power industry, or a single event with permanent consequences which cannot be effectively managed, e.g. realisation that the organisation’s product is not safe such as the tobacco industry, an organisation is likely to have its legitimacy eroded over a period of time (the ‘loss’ phase), which can be characterised as ‘chronic’. The issue can be difficult to manage, and generally leads to declining legitimacy, however the loss may be managed and slowed over a long period of time, or significant change could lead to reestablishment of legitimacy. The ‘loss’ phase is most likely to be preceded by sustained media and NGO scrutiny, and accompanied by increasing government regulation, monitoring and possibly taxation. Within this phase there are likely to be periods where the company will increase its voluntary social and environmental disclosure in an effort to meet specific threats (such as to postpone or defeat proposed regulations) or to communicate systemic corporate change  (similar to the defence phase). However, with each new restriction average total disclosure can be expected to decrease. This idea is alluded to by O’Donovan (2002) who argues, based on experimental evidence, that the lower the perceived legitimacy of the organisation, the less likely it is to bother providing social and environmental disclosure. Watch This Space Legitimacy theory offers researchers, and the wider public, a way to critically unpack corporate disclosures. However the understanding and study of the theory must become more sophisticated, drawing on developments both within the accounting literature and beyond. Only then will the full potential of legitimacy theory for examining a wide range of disclosures be fully realised. Areas that would provide useful insights include at the moment the asbestos industry (as it goes through the disestablisment phase), brothels (as they become much more legitimate within the Australian context), and the forestry industry (as it tries to defend its legitimacy), to name but a few. The knowledge gained will then be used to provide better and more useful information to inform decision making by stakeholders. In this way society is empowered to have greater control and oversight over the way resources are allocated. References: Ashford, B. E. and B. W. Gibbs (1990) â€Å"The Double-Edge of Organizational Legitimation†, Organization Science, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 177 194. Caudill, E. (1997) Darwinian Myths: The Legends and Misuses of a Theory, Knoxville, University of Tennessee Press. Deegan, C., M. Rankin and J. Tobin (2002) â€Å"An Examination of the Corporate Social and Environmental Disclosures of BHP from 1983-1997: A Test of Legitimacy Theory†, Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 312 343. Deegan, C., M. Rankin and P. Voght (2000) â€Å"Firms’ Disclosure Reactions to Major Social Incidents: Australian Evidence†, Accounting Forum, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 101 130. Hearit, K. M. (1995) â€Å"‘Mistakes Were Made’: Organizations, Apologia, and Crises of Social Legitimacy†, Communication Studies, Vol. 46, No. 1-2, pp. 1 17. Hybels, R. C. (1995) â€Å"On Legitimacy, Legitimation, and Organizations: A Critical Review and Integrative Theoretical Model†, Academy of Management  Journal, Special Issue: Best Papers Proceedings, 1995, pp. 241 245. Kaplan, S. E. and R. G. Ruland (1991) â€Å"Positive Theory, Rationality and Accounting Regulation†, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 361 374. Lindblom, C. K. (1994), â€Å"The Implications of Organizational Legitimacy for Corporate Social Performance and Disclosure†, Critical Perspectives on Accounting Conference, New York. Mathews, M. R. (1993) Socially Responsible Accounting, UK, Chapman Hall. Neu, D., H. Warsame and K. Pedwell (1998) â€Å"Managing Public Impressions: Environmental Disclosures in Annual Reports†, Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 265 282. O’Donovan, G. (2002) â€Å"Environmental Disclosures in the Annual Report: Extending the Applicability and Predictive Power of Legitimacy Theory†, Accounting, Auditing and Accountability, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 344 371. Patten, D. M. (2002) â€Å"Media Exposure, Public Policy Pressure, and Environmental Disclosure: An Examination of the Impact of Tri Data Availability†, Accounting Forum, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 152 171. Suchman, M. C. (1995) â€Å"Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches†, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 571 610. Tilling, M. (2004), â€Å"Communication at the Edge: Voluntary Social and Environmental Reporting in the Annual Report of a Legitimacy Threatened Corporation†. APIRA Conference Proceedings, Singapore, July.

Characters and Staging of A Streetcar Named Desire Essay -- Tennessee

     Ã‚   In Tennessee Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire, the characters are extremely well defined.   In fact, they are so well defined obtuse critics have characterized them as two-dimensional, but Williams drew them that way intentionally so as to underscore the flaws that make their characters so memorable.    Blanche is an aging single Southern woman whose best days are in the past.   Blanche has not been able to make the adjustment from when she was the belle of the county at Belle Reeve, her family's southern home, to the harsh realities of her present situation, one in which she has always "depended on the kindness of strangers" (142).   All of her attempts at living in reality involve her trying to keep up appearances to match the fantasy "self" she sees in her mind.   Stella adjusted to the loss of Belle Reeve better than Blanche, but she cannot resist being submissive to her brutish husband, her way of maintaining an identity.   Stanley is all animal passion and male hormones.   He works, eats, drinks, plays poker with the guys and has sex.   If he has to slap his wife around once in a while to maintain order that's alright by him.   Mitch is the perfect mama's boy and he cannot help being at the mercy of his illusions regarding women.   He is used to being mothered and he is a middle-aged bachelor who carries around a cigarette case given to him by a formed love interest who died.   He is no more in reality where his idealization of women is concerned than Blanch is regarding her feminine appeal to men.   Everyone but Stanley is filled with illusions and needs, but Stanley is all passion and animal hunger, hunger he satiates in whatever way pleases him.   The characters are reinforced by the dialogue as we see Blanche beg St... ...d we could hear it rumbling on the tracks as Stanley erupts in one of his angry outbursts).  Ã‚   Music of black performers should also be heard occasionally.   Music could also accentuate the date between Blanche and Mitch and it could be used effectively to help set the time and tone and flavor of the south during Blanches recollections of Belle Reeve.   The character I relate to most is Stanley because it would be fun to play a sensitive brute who only was a slave to his animal passions regardless of anyone else.   While it would be hard to surpass the film casting of Vivien Leigh, Marlon Brando, Kim Hunter and Karl Malden in the lead roles, modern actors might include Kathleen Turner (Blanche), Brad Pitt (Stanley), Drew Barrymore (Kim Hunter) and Dabney Coleman (Mitch).      WORKS   CITED    Williams, T.   A Streetcar Named Desire.   Signet Books, NY:   1947.

french revolution:peasants becoming oppressed. :: essays research papers

By the 18th century the third estate became aware of their oppression through various sources. These sources include the Influence of philosophers and the Echoes of the American war of independence. Goodwin states, the aim of the French philosophers, of the eighteenth century, was to liberate mankind from the fitter of ignorance and from subservience of outmoded practices. D. Richard further illustrated that philosophers such as, Rousseau, Voltaire, Monesquieu and the encyclopedias have contributed to the uprising of the third estate, within the revolution. In fact, Voltaire’s, influence within the revolution was mainly directed towards the corrupt government, ecclesiastical bigotry, censorship and cruel and arbitrary penal systems at the church. D.Richards further stated â€Å"he poured scorn on the pretensions of the church and folly of the government and the credibility of those who are taken by both.† His cry for injustice and brave actions, allowed him to receive tremendous gratitude from the third estate. As a matter a fact, Voltaire was the most influential philosopher within the revolution to challenge. Rousseau also influenced the third estate. Rousseau preached the equality of man, he later attacked justice â€Å"Men though born free are every where in chains†, and even in the government he said. Rousseau according to A. Goodwin claimed that the only legitimate state was one that expressed the â€Å"General will† (the will of the people as a whole) which is inspired by good motives and directed only in the common interest. His contract social (social contract) of 1762 envisaged free men guaranteeing each other natural rights. Historians have concluded that Rousseau, inspired the people emotionally, preparing them to retaliate. Another radical, Montesquieu inspired the third estate within ideas. His aim mainly was to focus on various parts of parlements and it’s unfair implications, towards the third estate. Alongside, the three philosophes mentioned above. Diderot and the encyclopedias also contributed to the influence of the revolution. He, like Voltaire, preached the injustice of the church practices and government. He criticized the heavy burden of taxation upon the third estate. He suggested that the intolerable acts of taxation be abolished with the exception of land tax, which was chiefly paid by the clergy and nobles for Diderot and the encyclopedias the common good was supreme law and government therefore the general happiness of society. Besides the philosophes, the physiocrates played a vital role in the usurpation of the revolution .A. Goodwin also noted that, the physiocrates, led by Rivere, supported freedom of contract, and specifically demanded scientific government to replace the irrationality of privileged.

Benefit and Compensation

This company is a commercial contractor with annual revenue between 10-20 million dollars (PC One Source Contracting, 2013). According to their website, PC begins part-time general laborers at $10. 50 per hour (www. Vociferousness. Com). They offer medical benefits, vacation pay, and merit increases for full time employees. Management and project leaders are also offered a car allowance, and retirement plans (www. Vociferousness. Com). Bellow Disaster Restoration is an international commercial construction company with operations in both Michigan and Arizona.Bellow currently creates approximately $20 million in revenue within the Detroit area (Bellow Property Restoration, 2013). They offer pay structures (depending on position) within both markets averaging from minimum wage to $1 00,000 per year (Bellow Group Salaries, 2014). They offer incentive programs for early completion of projects, bonuses for exceeding sales goals, and merit increases for exceeding performance or promotions. In addition, Bellow offers medical benefits, accrued paid time off, paid sick leave, retirement plans, and car allowance and travel expense reimbursement for applicable employees (Bellow Group Salaries, 2014).According to Glissando. Com, the national average wage for commercial contractors (not including additional benefits in a total compensation package) is $65,239 (Salary: Contractor, 2014). In both markets, competitors of similar size are offering wages between minimum and approximately $100,000 per year (dependent on position). Competitors also offer compensation packages with merit increases, health insurance, paid vacations, productivity incentives, retirement plans, and are within the national average compensation of $65,239 for commercial construction contractors.This market survey and evaluation will allow Clayton Commercial Construction to better prepare a competitive and relevant compensation package for employees of the Detroit, Michigan and Arizona operations. Compens ation Structure and Position in Market Since the company wants to be comparable to other construction companies it is easier to determine the pay structure that can be used for the company. This can be achieved by using the practice of benchmarking. This can be done one of two ways.The company can take a direct approach, go around to different companies in Arizona, and see if their human resources department will give them a look at how theirs works. Another way to benchmark would be to use the internet job boards to see what current salaries in the area are going for. The best recommendation would be to grade each job on a points scale to decide difficulty and importance. From there decide which jobs have an average salary and which ones should have a pay scale based on time in service and skill level.From there the company can identify how many positions for each job title the will have and can factor in the projected payroll of the company against the projected gross value. This will allow for growth within the company as well staying competitive with other companies. For the expansion to Arizona, the company will have to look at trying to undercut prices Of competitors. The positioning will be weak and should look to specialize in smaller jobs. According to central. Com (2014) the top 10 companies billing is from $500 million to $47 million.This company currently nets about 20% of the tenth ranked company's billing amount. Positioning themselves as a smaller company that offers a more intimate experience is the marketing strategy to go with. People like to do business with companies that give the impression of personal touch. Bigger companies can lose this eel and open the door for other businesses. This is where Clayton Commercial can really make their money. Compensation and Benefits Strategy Expanding into a new market presents many challenges, but perhaps the most critical element is recruiting excellent talent in the new market to ensure successful gr owth.Ensuring that Clayton Commercial Construction is attractive to potential hires is the key goal behind designing a competitive compensation and benefits strategy. Our recommendation for Clayton is to provide a wide variety of options to employees and then allowing them to hose the benefits they want to pay for. We recommend assigning costs to each benefit, and we will provide employees with a budget of â€Å"Benefit Dollars† to spend on the benefits they care about most. Employees may go over these â€Å"benefit dollar† budgets, but they will be responsible for extra expenses beyond their budget.We recommend allotting employees 20% of their annual base salary in â€Å"benefit dollars† to spend how they choose, and then charging employees based on the benefits they take. This cafeteria-style approach will allow Clayton to save money by not paying for benefits that are r low extreme flexibility to Clayton employees. It will also reinforce with the employees of Clayton just how much these benefits cost much off benefit the company is paying for. Morale and employ appreciation will be higher and employees will be less likely to tall benefits packages for granted.Regarding compensation, we erect Clayton utilize market research to set and maintain comparable Our preliminary research indicates that in Arizona, a typical front construction worker earns roughly $31 ,OHO per year (Indeed. Com skilled tradesman makes $46,000 per year (Salary. Com, 2014), an, rings home $120,000 (Salary. Com, 2014). In terms of raises, rata annual raises, we recommend that Clayton conduct annual mark into comparable salaries and then adjust pay as needed to stay IR with industry norms.Claptrap's plan is to increase workforce size which constitutes 130 employees. Assuming we have 1 director, 45 skilled laborers, 60 unskilled laborers, and 21 support staff, ‘M manage three different full construction teams. Each team will h manager, 15 skilled laborers, 20 uns killed laborers, and seven soul resulting in a per-team annual cost of roughly $1. 7 million. Clap dated that they are aiming for a net revenue growth of -3%, we r this team aim for exact revenue neutral, so they must earn $1. 7 revenue to offset the increased cost.Performance Incentives and A performance incentive system is and merit pay is a way to retail employees and should be used to recruit top employees. Enema) set goals for their employees that are attainable and realistic, who turn motivate them to work harder to attain the goals set by the Some incentives to look at would be bonuses, stock, and time off Merit pay is used frequently amongst businesses to pay their me based on performance. In order for the merit pay program to be employers must assure that the reward is delivered to the top en will be prominently healthier than raises given to average or subs employees.The theory of performance-based compensation for is that they should be compensated generously for out perf ormer workers, but if a worker performance is ordinary, that worker cord should show that. Compensation law The primary federal law to be aware of when it comes to compel benefits is the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, or IRIS sets the standards ensuring employee benefits plans are fair and mound and establishes employer obligations to provide benefit AR retirement plans (United States Department of Labor, 2009).Thud requires persons managing plan funds to refrain from conflict of transactions, disclose information on conditions of the plan, and the funds of the plan to the exclusive benefit of participants. ERE! Codifies provisions for COBRA, which gives former employees of large companies the right to continue health coverage at previous group rates, well as establishing rules for exclusions relating to preexisting conditions (United States Department of Labor, 2009). With regard to state law, there are a few requirements: Clayton is required to pay employees twice a Mont no more than 16 days apart, on regularly scheduled paydays.Employees w work beyond 40 hours in a week must receive 1. 5 times normal base and characteristics such as sex, ethnicity, and religious preference may not be considered when determining salaries (State Bar of Arizona, 2014). Conclusion To assist with the expansion to Arizona, it was important for Clayton Commercial Construction's strategies are comparable to other commercial construction business within the area. Team a made recommendations WI sat considerations with the compensation laws, benefits, incentives and marketing to assist Clayton Commercial Construction to excel in their new location.

5 Tips for Writing an Executive Summary

5 Tips for Writing an Executive Summary 5 Tips for Writing an Executive Summary Whenever you write an in-depth business document, you should include an executive summary. This, as the name suggests, is a brief summary of the report itself. But how exactly do you write one? Check out our tips on writing an executive summary below to find out. 1. What to Include in an Executive Summary The exact format of an executive summary will depend on what you are summarizing. However, as a general guideline, try to include: A brief explanation of the subject matter and why it is important The results or findings of the report (plus methods used if applicable) Any conclusions that can be drawn from the findings Any recommendations or proposals for what to do next Keep in mind that the executive summary needs to make sense by itself, as you cannot assume that the reader will find time to read the full report. 2. Know Who You’re Writing For Given the space available in an executive summary, it can help to tailor your writing to the person who will be reading it. Before you begin, then, ask yourself a few questions: Who will be reading this? What do they already know about the issue? Are you simply summarizing an issue or are you recommending an action? How did you gather the information? Were your methods limited at all? What are the key details you need people to take away from the summary? These questions will help you narrow down what to include in the summary. If you are writing a report that many people will read, or you do not know who will read the summary yet, think about what the average person in your industry would need to know. 3. Keep It Short! The key word in â€Å"executive summary† is â€Å"summary.† As such, try to make yours as clear and concise as possible. Think about it as being like the written version of an elevator pitch. The idea is to communicate the vital details and, ideally, to convince the reader to read the full report. As such, make sure that your summary is no more than 10% as long as the overall report. 4. Format for Skim Reading If possible, include charts, graphs, or bullet points in the summary. These can highlight key details so that skim readers do not miss anything important. It also helps to break up the summary into sections with clear headings, which will help readers find information at a glance. 5. Avoid Unnecessary Jargon When you’re trying to make your point clearly and concisely, industry jargon will get in the way. This isn’t to say that you can’t use technical language when necessary. But, whenever possible, try to express your ideas in simple terms (the complicated stuff can go in the full report). Summary: 5 Tips for Writing an Executive Summary If you are writing an executive summary for a business report, keep the following in mind: Make sure your executive summary makes sense by itself, and that it includes all of the key details you need your reader to take away. Think about who will read the summary and tailor it accordingly. Make sure it is no more than 10% as long as the overall report. Use formatting, bullet points, and section headings to boost readability. Keep the language used simple and avoid jargon wherever possible. Finally, make sure to get it proofread before you finish. That way, you can be 100% sure it is typo free and ready to use!

How to Become a Speech Writer

How to Become a Speech Writer How to Become a Speech Writer A speech writer is responsible for writing speeches for public either on the freelance basis or within a company holding the appropriate working position. Despite the popular opinion, not only politics use these type of services. Thus, speech writer can help at the public event, business meeting, debates, wedding, birthday, or even bar mitzvah. Speech writing requires excellent language skills, erudition, and understanding psychology. However, once you decided to obtain this profession, there are few specific tips on how to become a speech writer. Speech writing can become a challenging endeavor for both a beginner and an experienced writer. Writing a speech is a peculiar skill that differs a lot from fiction or journalism. Thus, the first task of the speech is to directly address to the target audience summoning to action or sympathy. If the audience is not touched with the words from the stage, it means that the speech is ineffective, therefore, the goal is not achieved. That is why, if you want to become a successful speech writer, you have to develop your skills in psychology, linguistic, politics, culture, and many other fields depending on the topic of your speech. Usually, writers consider typical speech-writers as people who write only for politicians. This is a false conclusion owing to the fact that speeches are required in various situations. For instance, business executives, athletes, philanthropists, PR agents also need strong speeches in order to be within the public focus as well as in the middle of attention of the employers. There are some practical recommendations on how to become a speech writer: Gain insight into the related field. A professional speech writer is a credible writer and it has to be proven. University degree in English, communications, journalism, and political science are all related to having the best writing skills which are literacy, quick typing, and ability to make writing structured and understandable. Start volunteering. In this way, an incentive writer can offer to write speeches for community groups on the free basis. Thus, it is possible to tailor writing skills and find out typical mistakes which can be revealed by other people who ordered certain speech. Get acquainted with the right people. Consequently, frequent writing will turn attention of the people who can provide career help in future and get new orders. Seek for speech writers who can provide mentorship and transcend some experience on your writing. All in all, speech writing relies on experience, and the best adviser is the practicing writer who knows all the current tendencies in public perception. Read reliable manuals, tutorials, or even researches on the topic of speech writing. There is a lot of literature about effective writing from experts in the field. Find inspiration in advertising where you have only a few words to deliver a message to the audience. Learn more about psychological linguistics, this realm contains valuable ideas to improve your writing. Try to analyze. Analyze the famous speeches on your own, providing the explanation of the success of the speech. After that, compare own analysis to the one, made by a professional. Look into history, because there are many fateful speeches that influenced our society. Nevertheless, track modern time and listen to the speeches of present world leaders on current events, be attentive to every detail. A successful speech can change the world history. However, a sincere wedding speech can change a small family history, which is a great success as well. Being a professional speech writer requires a constant education in a variety of fields, but what really matters is the talent to influence people’s minds only with words.

VANDERBILT Surname Meaning and Origin

VANDERBILT Surname Meaning and Origin The Vanderbilt surname has two very different accepted origins: a topographic surname for someone living near a low hill, from the Middle Low German bulte, meaning mound or low hill.originally Van de Bylt, from Die Byltye, a nickname given to ship-carpenters in Holland. From the Dutch byltye, meaning a little hatchet or bill. Surname Origin: Dutch, North German Alternate Surname Spellings: VANDERBILDT, VAN DER BILT, VANDERBUILT   Where in the World is the VANDERBILT Surname Found? While it originated in the Netherlands, the Vanderbilt surname is now most prevalent in the United States, according to surname distribution data from Forebears. However, it is also somewhat common in Chile and Columbia. The name was more common in the United States during the 1880s than it is now, especially in the states of New York and New Jersey. The Vanderbilt surname is now most common based on percentage in the U.S. states of Alaska, Arkansas, New Jersey, Illinois, and Connecticut, according to  WorldNames PublicProfiler.   Famous People with the Last Name VANDERBILT Cornelius Vanderbilt -  head of the prominent American Vanderbilt family; became the wealthiest man in America in the mid-19th century through his shipping and railroad empiresAmy Vanderbilt - American authority on etiquetteGloria Vanderbilt -  American artist, author, actress, and heiress, well known for her line of designer blue jeans from the 1970s and 80s.George Washington Vanderbilt, II - member of the prominent Vanderbilt family who commissioned the construction of Biltmore between 1889 and 1895; the estates name derived from Bildt, the origin of his Vanderbilt ancestors in Holland. The Famous VANDERBILT Family The prominent American Vanderbilt empire began with Cornelius Commodore Vanderbilt, born in Staten Island in 1794. His 3rd-great grandfather, Jan Aertszoon (1620–1705), a Dutch farmer from the village of De Bilt in Utrecht, Netherlands, was the immigrant ancestor, arriving in the Dutch Colony of New Netherland as an indentured servant in 1650. When he was sixteen, Cornelius, the fourth of nine children, convinced his parents to lend him $100 to purchase a sailboat so that he could start his own passenger and freight service between Staten Island and New York City, a service that eventually became known as the famous Staten Island Ferry.  Young Cornelius then signed on as an apprentice on a variety of ships in order to master all aspects of the seagoing industry. By the age of 50, his shipping empire had afforded him millionaire status. He then turned to buying up  small railroads and turning them into profitable ventures. At the time of his death in 1877, Cornelius Vanderbilt was worth  $105 million. Anderson Cooper, son of Gloria Laura Vanderbilt, is currently the only known prominent, active descendant of the famous Vanderbilt family.   Genealogy Resources for the Surname VANDERBILT Vanderbilt Family Genealogy: My Fascination with All Things VanderbiltTaneya Koonce, who fell in love with the Vanderbilt family after visiting the Biltmore estate for the first time, has built a comprehensive family tree of the Vanderbilt family, and also links to other Vanderbilt resources. Finding Your Roots: Anderson Coopers Interactive Family TreeThe PBS genealogy show, Finding Your Roots, traces the lesser-known heritage of Vanderbilt descendant Anderson Cooper- that of his father, Wyatt Emory Cooper.   Most Common Dutch Surnames and their MeaningsDe Jong, Jansen, De Vries... Are you one of the millions of  individuals of  Dutch ancestry sporting one of these top common last names from the Netherlands?   Vanderbilt Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Vanderbilt family crest or coat of arms for the Vanderbilt surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. FamilySearch - VANDERBILT GenealogyExplore over 400,000 historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Vanderbilt surname and its variations on the free FamilySearch website, hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. VANDERBILT Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Vanderbilt surname. DistantCousin.com - VANDERBILT Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Vanderbilt. The Vanderbilt Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the popular last name Vanderbilt from the website of Genealogy Today.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Saint-Boniface Museum Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Saint-Boniface Museum - Research Paper Example It has also provided a map that assists strangers to find its location (St. Boniface Museum). Products and collections There is a variety of products or collections and services offered by the museum. The collections found in the museum include medical equipment, archaeological pieces, Louis Riel’s coffin, domestic and furnishing accessories, a Red River cart replica, the first bell of the church in the West, educational and religious artifacts, and trade and agricultural tools (St. Boniface Museum). In the archives, there are photographs while, in the decorative arts, there are musical instruments, furniture or furnishings and textiles or tapestries. Under fine arts, there is the Canadian culture, painting, sculpture, folk art and religious art (St. Boniface Museum). The collections under human history include; Time-keeping devices or clocks Furniture or furnishings Communication devices Imaging (photographs) Medals Local history Domestic technology or household objects Maps, charts, blueprints or plans Spots equipment Weapons Transportation Memorabilia Toys and games Religious or liturgical objects, and Non-motorized ground Biological collections, found under natural sciences, include plants and animals. There exists zoology, mammals (Mammalia), birds (Aves) and vertebrates (St. Boniface Museum). Services and activities Self-guided or guided tours, school visits, exhibits, treasure boxes for seniors, school programs, and consulting services Educational programs- lectures, family programs and school programs Visitor services- children activities or services (playground, change table or nursing area), bilingual services, exceptional needs facilities (wheelchair access, signs and washrooms), guided tours (English and French), a public transportation accessibility, washrooms, gift shop, parking facilities (bus), and cloakroom Volunteer services- there is availability of volunteer training. The number of volunteers should be twelve. Activities: board member ship Food services- catering services Internet services- virtual exhibitions, education, local history, online gift-shop or bookstore, directions or maps, and school visits or programs Market trends and patterns The museum (Saint Boniface) is a non-profit organization. All the benefits or profits received from any purchase made become used to support the museum (St. Boniface Museum). It has advertisers and sponsors who support it in marketing and financial matters. Some of the tradeshow participants are; the Canadian Association of Professional Conservators, Cibinel Architects Limited, Dorfman Museum Figures, Color Art Supply and Framing, Maker Technical Sculpture Services, and others (St. Boniface Museum). The museum has a gift shop that offers various gifts, souvenirs and heritage themed items with a link to cultures of Metis and French and the fur trade. Some unique merchandise available in the shop includes the famous voyageur shirts and sashes in different qualities, sizes and patterns (St. Boniface Museum). There are also traditional toys, local foods, small Red River carts (hand-made), gifts made locally by hands, and Quebec Maple Syrup products. Items, which are exclusive, to the museum shop consist of polar fleece scarves, Louis Riel T-shirts, cards, Metis mugs and posters (St. Boniface

Violence, the American Creed and the Rulling Class Essay

Violence, the American Creed and the Rulling Class - Essay Example The following essay forwards the thesis that the American Creed, either wholly or in parts, has historically been used by the elite ruling class of whites for their own gain, primarily as an ideology used to explain and excuse the use of violence to oppress other racial minorities in the process of consolidating power for their own gain. Evidence for the use of the American Creed in this manner is easily seen in several instances in American history, most notably from the end of the Civil War to the time of World War I, a period of time from the 1860s to the 1920s. The essay will take a chronological approach in the discussion while pointing out the specific use of violence with regards to preserving the power of the ruling class. The essay will use three particular instances in American history when the American Creed was used as a justification for racial violence against three separate races: the post-Civil War Reconstruction and violence against the former black slaves, the perio d of the Western frontier and violence against the Native Americans, and finally the excessive violence and torture used on Filipinos by American soldiers during the Filipino-American War. The essay’s first example of the misuse of the American Creed occurs after the Civil War. America entered into a period termed as the Reconstruction, during which white Southerners secured amnesty from then President Andrew Johnson and after taking an oath of allegiance were restored their political and property rights (sans slave ownership) prior to the Civil War. Many blacks who were formerly slaves had found themselves freed as a consequence of the war, and legislation headed by politicians such as Massachusetts senator Charles Sumner and Pennsylvania representative Thaddeus Stevens were making it so the blacks were granted political rights equal to whites.1 However, racial hatreds and the belief that black people were inferior to whites led to those legislations eventually being disrega rded in all but name and the prevalence of discrimination, racially-motivated violence, and segregation. In a bid to seemingly uphold these laws of equality, the concept of â€Å"separate but equal† was devised, with the facilities and services for blacks being highly inferior to non-existent. To enforce this â€Å"separate but equal† rule, an oppressive system based on violent reprisals for breaking social hierarchy was informally established. It became common for blacks who had violated the established hierarchy by speaking or acting out against the whites to end up dead either through beatings or at the hands of a lynching mob.2 Indeed, lynching became a common occurrence which continued well into the middle of the 20th century. In the first example, the portion in the Creed pertaining to equality is put into play. The â€Å"separate but equal† ruling allowed the ruling whites to keep their distance from people they viewed as being lesser than them while upho lding the equality referred to in the Creed. Anyone trying to bridge the separation was seen trying to break the equality, disrupting the Creed and therefore deserving of punishment and violent reprisals. Following the Reconstructio

Organizational Transformation in Practice Essay

Organizational Transformation in Practice - Essay Example The unresolved issue with these advisors was that many customers stuck with a long-term contract after signing for the service without enough acknowledgement and details about the effect or the commitment that the customer has to make or be involved in. The company performance had been inevitably great for many years, being able to reach its annual target. But I soon learnt that since the recession, the management recognized that the performance of the company was not fulfilling its requirements in the sense that it’s targets weren’t being repeatedly achieved as before, leading their employees to then work under pressure, categorized between two units within two managers, and this involved me as a unit manager. The issue was generated by the employees’ new approach with their selling techniques due to the newly enforced pressure by the general manager. In the course of the weekly meetings with the general manager, I was faced with a range of disagreements. An ove rwhelming problem was the frustration accumulating due to the lack of communication. The customers entitlements to the long-term contract were mislead, making them unaware of the policies commitments. I was mentally prepared to engage in negotiations because the other unit manager had been already aware and uncooperative with the required work role. I am always proud of my performance as I did my best to satisfy myself before satisfying my manager, and I do not take well to the management when they insult work which was performed in good faith. I sat in my office, gathering my thoughts as to what I would do first I thought, â€Å"No idea, I feel sick to my stomach† I later learned my physical reaction to the situation was due to my inability to keep my internal focus on my internal locus of control. At that time I was working and going to college full time and I learned in one of my Diploma degree classes that a person’s perception of the source of his or her fate is t ermed locus of control. Some people with an internal locus of control think they can control their destiny or what may or may not happen in their environment. This is what I liked when things were going well. But others controlled by an external locus of control are those controlled by something outside of him or her, which is where I aimed my focus at when things weren’t well? Situations got stressed, passive and defensive due to externals being placed with a stressor; this influenced the stress having a real effect on me. I flashed through my mind other situations in which I’d have felt useless or unsure of my performance. Now I wonder, why was I thinking of myself in this way? What really made the negotiation process more challenging was how I felt about myself; I was worrying if I requested a meeting for negotiation with the other unit manager he would resort in being uncooperative with a very negative behavior. In the beginning I did not send any e-mail to the oth er unit manager, as I had not gotten a plan. I waited, and as he stayed silent, I thought I would feel more confident by taking control. I approached him in the method that I would appreciate being approached by. With the sound that our mutual issue was getting bigger and what could we do to solve this problem? Therefore I proposed an agenda to let him give input to form the agenda for a meeting to negotiate our problems. I gathered that a more structured method would

Internation World AIDS Charity Day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Internation World AIDS Charity Day - Essay Example The rationale of the event is to collect money that can be used to subsidize the medication for management of AIDS in the affected countries (Sharon, 2011). Our goal is ensure that every person infected with AIDS gets the required medication regardless of individual economic status. The event is on its 20th year and so far over six hundred billion dollars have been raised. It has attracted the support of many international celebrities who have contributed both materially and in kind for the cause. Our vision is to raise sufficient funds to finance not only the purchase of drugs but also raise public awareness on the issues related to AIDS. We also seek to encourage further research on finding a cure for AIDS. To this end, our long term strategy is to work with the leading pharmaceutical companies and researchers to put more effort in finding a cure for the disease. The date of the ceremonial commemoration is on 1st July. The chosen location will be in London. Other commemorations wil l be marked in all major cities in the world. The venue will be at the Oxygen arena. All proceeds from the event will go to charity. Strategic Aims Objectively, the event seeks to raise funds for the purchase and supply of drugs for the treatment of AIDS victims in the developing countries. We intend to raise fifty million dollars that will be used to buy the drugs to be distributed in these countries. We also intend to secure commitments from world leaders that this scourge will be tamed and appropriate programs will be put in place to curb its spread. The â€Å"AIDS free world† accord which details elaborate plans to wipe out the pandemic will be presented to the leaders to persuade them to take deliberate measures to lower the rates of new infections in their countries. In addition, the event also aims to put more emphasis on the research for a permanent cure for the disease. Research on this field has been sluggish. Consequently, the event aims to gain a clear commitment from leading pharmaceutical companies and researchers that research for a cure will be given a priority. Objectives One of our objectives is to raise funds towards the support of AIDS medication. Our target is to raise over fifty million shillings in cash. To obtain these funds, we will design arm bands, t-shirts, caps, and bandanas to target people attending the event. The sales will begin on days set before the start of the major event. In addition, branded merchandise will be availed in selected outlets to make them accessible to the public. Another strategy to raise funds will be through organizing a charity concert before the main event. Leading musicians will be invited to entertain participants at a nominal fee. In fact, the invitation of leading artistes will serve a twofold function of attracting larger crowds to the concert and also increase the sales of the branded merchandise. The event will also run an online campaign through the social networking sites to raise funds. We intend to spur online interest on AIDS as an imminent threat to humanity. The other objective for the event is to raise awareness concerning AIDS in the developing countries. The rate of HIV/AIDS infections is highest in the developing countries. The disease is most prevalent in African countries. Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for about forty percent of the documented infections (Luter, 2010). The implications are dire considering that most of those infected are the breadwinners for their families. The result is that their

Arguments for Post-Washington Consensus Consensus by Joseph Stiglitz Essay

Arguments for Post-Washington Consensus Consensus by Joseph Stiglitz - Essay Example s as of 1989.† (2).Such policies often include-fiscal discipline; a reorientation of public expenditure priorities toward fields offering both high economic returns and targeting evener income distribution,.e.g. primary health care, primary education, and infrastructure ;tax reform (to lower marginal rates and broaden the tax base);Interest rate liberalization ;a competitive exchange rate ;trade liberalization ;liberalization of inflows of foreign direct investment ;privatization ;deregulation (to abolish barriers to entry and exit) and secure property rights. This privatization agenda in pursuit of globalization has come under criticism as (1) says,† Some of the most vociferous of todays critics of what they call the Washington Consensus, most prominently Joe Stiglitz... do not object so much to the agenda laid out above as to the neoliberalism that they interpret the term as implying. I of course never intended my term to imply policies like capital account liberalizati on...monetarism, supply-side economics, or a minimal state (getting the state out of welfare provision and income redistribution), which I think of as the quintessentially neoliberal ideas†. In development literature it is examined and accepted that The Washington consensus emerged out of a kind of counter reaction in development economics (3) to what has been termed as rather operationally successful neoliberal revolution against Keynesianism prescriptions of the 1970s.The Washington Consensus, materialized in large and specially built Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) suggested for a substantial portion of the developing countries in the ensuing years of 1980s and 1990s.It was the outcomes of these SAPs that were not along expected lines and which resulted in external criticism of The Washington Consensus itself. Joseph Stiglitz a World Bank Economist was the most prominent insider to offer criticism of the neoliberalism inherent in The Washington Consensus and the bod y of

Internation World AIDS Charity Day Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Internation World AIDS Charity Day - Essay Example The rationale of the event is to collect money that can be used to subsidize the medication for management of AIDS in the affected countries (Sharon, 2011). Our goal is ensure that every person infected with AIDS gets the required medication regardless of individual economic status. The event is on its 20th year and so far over six hundred billion dollars have been raised. It has attracted the support of many international celebrities who have contributed both materially and in kind for the cause. Our vision is to raise sufficient funds to finance not only the purchase of drugs but also raise public awareness on the issues related to AIDS. We also seek to encourage further research on finding a cure for AIDS. To this end, our long term strategy is to work with the leading pharmaceutical companies and researchers to put more effort in finding a cure for the disease. The date of the ceremonial commemoration is on 1st July. The chosen location will be in London. Other commemorations wil l be marked in all major cities in the world. The venue will be at the Oxygen arena. All proceeds from the event will go to charity. Strategic Aims Objectively, the event seeks to raise funds for the purchase and supply of drugs for the treatment of AIDS victims in the developing countries. We intend to raise fifty million dollars that will be used to buy the drugs to be distributed in these countries. We also intend to secure commitments from world leaders that this scourge will be tamed and appropriate programs will be put in place to curb its spread. The â€Å"AIDS free world† accord which details elaborate plans to wipe out the pandemic will be presented to the leaders to persuade them to take deliberate measures to lower the rates of new infections in their countries. In addition, the event also aims to put more emphasis on the research for a permanent cure for the disease. Research on this field has been sluggish. Consequently, the event aims to gain a clear commitment from leading pharmaceutical companies and researchers that research for a cure will be given a priority. Objectives One of our objectives is to raise funds towards the support of AIDS medication. Our target is to raise over fifty million shillings in cash. To obtain these funds, we will design arm bands, t-shirts, caps, and bandanas to target people attending the event. The sales will begin on days set before the start of the major event. In addition, branded merchandise will be availed in selected outlets to make them accessible to the public. Another strategy to raise funds will be through organizing a charity concert before the main event. Leading musicians will be invited to entertain participants at a nominal fee. In fact, the invitation of leading artistes will serve a twofold function of attracting larger crowds to the concert and also increase the sales of the branded merchandise. The event will also run an online campaign through the social networking sites to raise funds. We intend to spur online interest on AIDS as an imminent threat to humanity. The other objective for the event is to raise awareness concerning AIDS in the developing countries. The rate of HIV/AIDS infections is highest in the developing countries. The disease is most prevalent in African countries. Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for about forty percent of the documented infections (Luter, 2010). The implications are dire considering that most of those infected are the breadwinners for their families. The result is that their

Classifying Projects Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Classifying Projects - Assignment Example Another risk that is likely to come out both projects is that of lack of enough finance. The project might not have enough money to the end of the project. There is a need to take this issue into consideration. The highest risk of all the risks that have been stated above is that of time lapse risk that is associated with residential building project. There is a need to ensure that this risk is well managed so that the continuity of the project will not be affected (Harrison & Lock, 2004). The two projects will be both interesting and challenging to manage. The one project I would choose to manage is the second one. This is because it has a good timeframe for the completion. Time management is an important factor when managing a project. There is also a good time for preparation. This is because, unlike, the first project which is starting on 1st October, the second project will start on January 15. There is humble time for

Aeration and Fermentation Essay Example for Free

Aeration and Fermentation Essay Brewing is a fermentative process which converts carbohydrate rich raw materials into beer using yeast catalysts such as Baker’s yeast and species of Saccharomyces. Water quality and aeration conditions influence beer quality to a greater extent. Of these two, aeration plays a vital role. Aeration and Fermentation: Studies revealed that yeast cells propagation was doubled when cultured under prolonged aerobic conditions as compared to discontinuous aeration. Moreover, increase in cell growth was proportional to aeration volume, mainly due to the synthesis of sterols and unsaturated fatty acids which are important elements of the yeast cell membrane. Under batch fermentation, aeration affected 1st fermentation; nevertheless, successive fermentation was yeast strain dependent. Chul (2002) observed significant differences in levels of aroma compounds obtained with yeast propagated under different aerobic conditions. However aerobic conditions were not found to affect the levels of diacetyl.   According to Chul et al (2007), continuous aeration during yeast propagation directly influenced yeast metabolism, fermentation ability and beer quality. Microbial contamination risks: Certain groups of micro-organisms pose contamination risk in brewing. Most hazardous beer spoilage microbial agents are the species of Lactobacilli, Pedicocci and Micrococcus kristinae. Lactobacilli are gram-positive, facultative, anaerobic bacteria. Some species of Lactobacilli which are the common beer spoilage organisms are said to operate using homofermentative metabolism, by lowering the pH of fermentation process by producing lactic acid. These species are generally resistant to hop compounds. Lactobacillus brevis has the ability to ferment dextrins and starch and its contaminations in beer cause turbidity and super-attenuation (Vaughan et al. 2005). Pediococci are also homofermentative bacteria, which normally grow in pairs or tetrads, and are found in finished beers and wort fermentations. Presence of Pediococci leaves behind fermentable sugars in beer even after fermentation, thus causing ropiness. Micrococcus kristinae is an aerobic, gram-positive coccus occurring in tetrads or groups of four, forming pale cream to pale orange colonies. The primary habitat is the mammalian skin (Microbial glossary). Most of the strains are non-pathogens but some tend to be opportunistic pathogens. These species can grow in beer with significantly lower levels of alcohol and hop compounds and at pH values above 4.5 (Vaughan et al. 2005) and produce a fruity atypical aroma. Gram negative anaerobic bacteria such as Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus, Pectinatus frisingensis, Selenomonas lacticifex, Zymophilus raffinosivorans and Zymomonas mobilis are also potential beer spoilage microbes. Pectinatus species have found to greatly affect non-pasteurized beers rather than pasteurized ones. These anaerobic organisms ideally grow in packaged products between 15 and 40 °C with an optimum at 32 °C and at a pH of 4.5 (Vaughan et al. 2005). They are found to produce significant amounts of acetic acid, propionic acid and acetoin in wort and packaged beers. They also produce hydrogen sulphide and methyl mercaptan and cause considerable turbidity and an unpleasant ‘rotten egg’ odor in beer. Zymomonas mobilis is an organism widely used in the bio-ethanol synthesis. However, this species contaminates beer when it produces significantly higher levels of acetaldehyde and hydrogen sulphide. Gram negative aerobic bacteria such as Hafnia protea and Enterobacter cloacae also other agents which cause beer spoilage and are capable of surviving beer fermentation. Certain species of Saccharomyces are also organism causing beer contamination. Works Cited: Cheong, Chul.   Wackerbauer, Karl. and Kang, Soon AH. â€Å"Influence of aeration during propagation of pitching yeast on fermentation and beer flavor.† J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17(2). 2007: 297 – 304. Microbial glossary – Environmental Diagnostic Laborarory, retrieved from http://www.pureaircontrols.com/glossary.html Vaughan, Anne. O’Sullivan, Tadhg.   and Sinderen, Douwe Van. â€Å"Enhancing the Microbiological Stability of Malt and Beer – A Review.† Publication no. G-2005-1316-408. The Institute of Brewing Distilling. 111 ( 4). 2005: 355 – 371.

Judicial Activism In Developing Environmental Jurisprudence In India Politics Essay

Judicial Activism In Developing Environmental Jurisprudence In India Politics Essay In his famous book law in changing society W. Friedman, while dealing with the interaction between law and the society, highlighted the controversy between those who believe that law should essentially follow not lead, and that it should do so slowly, in response to clearly formulated social sentiment and those who believe that law should be determined agent in the creation of new norms. The development of the environmental jurisprudence in India over the last two decades through the innovative judicial decisions of the Honble Supreme Court and the High Courts is probably the great inspiration for those who believe that law is the initiator rather than reactor of the social change. Although after the Stockholm Conference, 1972 and the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster, 1984, almost 200 Central and State legislations were enacted in order to ensure the all aspects of the environmental protection. But the failure on the part of the Governmental agencies to effectively enforce the environmental laws and the reluctance to use their statutory power against the polluters resulted in an accelerated degradation of the environment. Such large scale environmental degradation and the adverse effects on public health prompted the environmental degradation and the adverse effects on public health prompted the environmentalist and the residents of the polluted areas as well as the non-Governmental Organizations to approach the High Courts and the Supreme Court by way of public interest litigation for suitable remedies. In the process of adjudication on the environmental matters, the supreme Court, soon after the Bhopal Gas Leak incident, steps into the shoes of the administrators, marshalling the resources, issue directions to close down factories, requiring the implementation of the environmental norms, cutting of Judges driven implementation of the environmental administration and in doing so the Apex Court has adopted the various principles of international convention of environme ntal protection by environment-friendly interpretation of Articles 21, 48A and 51A(g) of the Constitution of India. But such proactive role of Indian judiciary in environmental matters created new crisis and conflict between environmental protection and the economic development of the country inasmuch as thousands of the industries were closed down by the directions of the Courts on the ground of environmental protection specially in the era of globalization those who are involved in market mechanism are under apprehension that environmental laws will act as a barrier to industrialization and thus strict adherence to the environmental norms will affect the smooth economic development of the country. Moreover in the developing countries like India where population explosion, unemployment and the poverty are fundamental problems of the day to day life, the closure of the several factories on the ground of environmental protection will not only affect the economic development of the country but also directly violates the right of livelihood of the common people. For instance, Delhi the capital of India is regarded by many as a huge gas chamber due to its heavy air population resulting in respiratory and other medical problems to vast section of the city. The Supreme Court of India has no doubt taken salutary steps to check this evil, but its directive to close down factories as also resulted in unemployment of ten thousands of workers. In the present article the author is trying to focus the aforesaid conflict between the environment and the development in the human rights point of view and the significant role of the Indian Judiciary to resolve this conflict. The conflict between environment and development in the human rights perspective: Development is a complex process in which economic development is significant with one common element wherein human being is both the subject and the beneficiary of the development process. The process of development is inhabitable and it involves exploitation of the natural resources and consequently makes an impact on the ecology and the environment. In the era of globalization the growth of economy in all its sphere in general and in the industrial efforts, in particular, necessarily leads to exploitation of the natural resources which in turn often gives rise to issues concerning environmental security. Thus while on the one hand science and industries have contributed significantly to the progress of mankind they have also created a sharp contradiction between natural environmental which was a gift of the nature and the artificial environment which is a creation of the industry. The biggest challenge facing the policy maker today is to avert the ecological crisis without comprom ising with the developmental needs of the present protection. Until very recently the human rights and the rights of environmental protection were regarded as distant areas of public policy by the Governmental Institutions and the Non-Governmental Organizations. The policy makers started to regard the both within a single bracket after cropping up the aforesaid conflict between environment and industrialization due to globalization. Actually the relationship between environment justice and human rights is developed as both are the means to maximize human dignity and well being. But in the developing countries, poverty and unemployment make economic development priority which arises tensions between human rights activists and the environmentalists. Because, the human rights activists give preference to immediate basic human needs such as food, clothing and shelter over the long term environmental concerns. But in the era of globalization, a paradigm shift towards non-state actors international human rights formulated a new concept of sustainable development which provides the means to reconcile the aforesaid conflict. Let us discuss hereinafter how this new human rights jurisprudence is developed in international level. International Conventions on Sustainable Development: The international community responded belatedly way back in 1972 to the ecological crisis by recognizing the question of environmental protection and improvement as a major issue which effect the well-being of the people and the economic development throughout the world. The Stockholm Conference in his declaration proclaim both aspects of the environment, the natural and the man-made, being essentially to the well- being and to the enjoyment of the basic human rights have been the right to life itself 20 years later, the RIO SUMMIT, 1992, said the new agenda for sustainable development and adopted the agenda 21. In the Brundtland Report 1987, for the first time, formulated the new theory of sustainable development in order to resolve conflict between environment and development. The report titled our common future which proposed a definition of sustainable development by stating that sustainable development is the development that meets the need of the present without compromising t he ability of future generation to meet their own need. In order to achieve sustainable development environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 provided the fundamental principles for achieving sustainable development. The salient feature of sustainable development according to RIO declaration are:- Intergenerational equity use and conservation of the natural resources, environmental protection, the precautionary principles, polluters pay principle, obligation technology transfer on concessional rates to develop countries. Moreover principles 3 and 4 of the Rio Declaration, 1992 are relevant for this issue which are set as under:- Principle 3 The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet development and environmental needs of present and future generation. Principle 4 In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it. The Johannesburg SUMMIT in 2002 expanded the concept of sustainable development by underscoring the necessity of a better integration of the three pillars of sustainable development namely economic development, social development and environmental protection. The concept of sustainable development was further defined in Article 3 (1A) of the convention for cooperation in the protection and sustainable development of the Marine and Coastal environment of the North Pacific, 2004. For the purpose of this convention sustainable development means the process of progressive change in the quality of human being which place it as the centre and primordial subject of development, by means of economic growth with social security and the transformation of methods of protection and consumption patterns and which is sustained in the ecological balance and vital support of the region. This process implies respect for regional, national and local ethnic and cultural diversity, and full perspective of people in peaceful co-existence and in harmony with the nature without prejudice to an ensuring the quality of life of future generation. Role of Judiciary in the development of Environmental law in India: The judiciary a spectator to environmental exploitation for more than two decades has recently assumed a pro-active role of public educator, policy maker, super-administrator, and more generally, amicus environment. We can say environmental law in India as the story of Indias judiciary responding to the complaints of its citizens against environmental degradation and administrative sloth. The Judiciary looked to constitutional provisions to provide the court with the necessary jurisdiction to address specific issues. Disputes that are normally matters of torts in other common law jurisdictions are treated as fundamental cases in India. But the fundamental rights part of the constitution of India does not have any specific mention of the environmental matters. Here the Supreme Court played a pivotal role. The Supreme Court, in its interpretation of Article 21, has facilitated the emergence of the environmental jurisprudence in India. Supreme Court has essentially interpreted the right to life under Article 21 to include a right to healthy and pollution free environment. A very importance case in this regard is the Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar1. _____________________________________________________________________ (1991) 1 SCC 598. It was observed that Rights to live is a fundamental right under Article 21 of the Constitution and it includes the right of enjoyment of pollution-free water and air for full enjoyment of life. It anything endangers or impairs that quality of life in derogation flaws, a citizen has the right to have recourse to Article 32 of Constitution. In the era of globalization Indian Supreme Court has made an adjustment with its earlier purely environment friendly attitude and under the influence of the Brundtland Report, 1987 and the Rio declaration, 1992 the Apex Court has introduced a new concept of sustainable development and its ancillary principles like precautionary principle, polluters pay principle and intergenerational equity etc. In order to resolve the contemporary conflict between environment and development let us discuss hereinafter how our Apex Court has adopted and applied those principles of international convention in its several judicial pronouncement. Supreme Court on Sustainable development: In M.C. Mehta v. Union of India2 is one of the earliest case that the Supreme Court had indirectly dealt with question of Sustainable development and Supreme Court held that : Life, Public health and ecology has priority over unemployment and loss of revenue problem. One of the earliest cases in which the Supreme Court has to deal with the question of the Development v. Environment is Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. Dehradun v. State of U.P. 3 In this case the matter related to illegal and unauthorized mining that was causing ecological imbalance and also causing environmental disturbance. The court rightly pointed out that it is always to be remembered that these are permanent assets and not to be exhausted in one generation and thus holding that the environmental protection and ecological balance should also are equally important as the economical development of the country. The Supreme Court after much investigation, ordered the stopping of mining work and held that: This would undoubtedly cause hardship to them, but it is a price that has to be paid for protecting and safeguarding the right of the people to live in healthy environment with minimal disturbance of ecological balance and without avoidable hazard to them and to their cattle, homes and agricultural land and undue affection of air, water and environment. This judgment could be also considered in the context. This was first time such a question is coming before the Supreme Court. The first case on which the apex court had applied the doctrine of Sustainable Development was Vellore Citizen Welfare Forum vs. Union of India4 _____________________________________________________________________ AIR 1997 SC 374. (1987) Supp. SCC 487 AIR 1996 SC 2715. In the instant case, dispute arose over some tanneries in the state of Tamil Nadu. These tanneries were discharging effluents in the river Palar, which was the main source of drinking water in the state. This is considered to be the most important case as far as the evolving of the environmental law and the contribution of the Indian Supreme Court towards that direction. In this case the Judgment given by Justice Kuldip Singh is of utmost importance, he has observed in his judgment that the traditional concept that development and ecology are opposed to each other, is no longer acceptable. Sustainable Development is the answer. He goes on to explain about the development of Sustainable development as well accepted principle in the international level. Justice Kuldip Singh observes that We have no hesitation in holding that Sustainable Development as a balancing concept between ecology and development has been accepted as a part of the Customary International Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. While accepting Sustainable Development as the part of the environmental law of the land the reasoning given by Justice Kuldip Singh shows great power. Supreme Court has to make the law rather than just to interpret the law. Justice Kuldip Singh held that Once these [here sustainable development] principles are accepted as part of the customary International Law there would be no difficulty in accepting them as part of the domestic law. It is almost accepted proposition of law that the rule of customary International Law which are not contrary to the municipal law shall be deemed to have been incorporated in the domestic and shall be followed by the Courts of law. It was also observed Our legal system having been founded on the British Common Law the right of a person to pollution free environment is a part of the basis jurisprudence of the land. In T.N. Godavaraman Thimmalapad v Union of India5, the Supreme Court reiterated what have been said in the Vellore case and has declared that precautionary and sustainable development principles are two salutary principles that govern the law of the environment. In N.D. Jayal v. Union of India6, the Supreme Court has declared that the adherence to sustainable development is a sine qua non for the maintenance of Symbiotic balance between the right to development and development. This concept is an integral part of life under Article 21. _____________________________________________________________________ (2002) 10 SCC 606 at page 613 (2003) 6 SCC 572 at page 586 The ancillary principle of sustainable development developed by our Apex court : Inter-Generational Equity:- The principle talks about the right of every generation to get benefit from the natural resources. Principle 3 of the Rio declaration states that: The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations. The main object behind the principle is to ensure that the present generation should not abuse the non-renewable resources so as to deprive the future generation of its benefit. This principle was used in the case of and has also been recognized by the Supreme Court of India in the M.C. Mehta -vs- Union of India (Taj Trapezium case)7. In State of Himachal Pradesh v. Ganesh Wood Products8, the Supreme Court invalidated forest- based industry, recognizing the principle of inter- generational equity as being central to the conservation of forest resources and sustainable development. The Court also noted in Indian Council for Enviro-Legal Action v. Union of India (CRZ Notification case)9 that the principle would be violated if there were a substantial adverse ecological effect caused by industry. The Precautionary Principle : This principal has widely been recognized as the most important principle of Sustainable Development. Principle 15 the Rio declaration states that: In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious of irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost effective measures to prevent environmental degradation. Polluter Pays Principle:- Principle 16 of the Rio declaration states that:National authorities should endeavor to promote the internalization of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments, taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade and investment. The object of the above principle was to make the polluter liable not only for the compensation to the victims but also for the cost of restoring of environmental degradation. Once the actor is proved to be guilty, he is liable to compensate for his act irrelevant of the fact that whether he is involved in development process or not. _____________________________________________________________________ AIR 1997 SC 374. AIR 1996 SC 149 (1996) 5 SCC 281 The Supreme Court in various cases has held that the importance of having borrowed the precautionary principle and the polluter pay principle and these principles are now the law of the land. In the case of Vellore Citizen Welfare Forum vs. Union of India10 the Supreme Court through Justice Kuldip Singh had opined à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. We have no hesitation in holding that the precautionary principle and the polluter pays principle are part of the environment law of the country. As elucidated in this case, precautionary principle includes the following points. Environmental measures by the State Government and the local authority must anticipate, prevent and attack the causes of environmental degradation. Where there are threats of serious and irreversible damage, lack of scientific certainty should not used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation. The onus of proof is on the actor or the developer to proof that his action is environmentally benign. In doing this Justice Kuldip Singh has actually looked into the constitutional provisions and statutory provisions. Justice Kuldip Singh goes on to say that even otherwise also this principles could be read into the law of the land this is by the way of reading the customary international law that is not in conflict with the domestic law shall be deemed to be the part of the domestic law. Balancing of Interest concept A very important jurisprudential concept of the Balancing of Interest concept could be actually used to evaluate the cases in which the Sustainable development concept is being used. In this process of interpretation, the Court is more concerned with weighing the competing values of a free society. In the course of rendering decisions, judges are to aim at accommodation or balance of societys conflicting interest. The very process of balancing competing social interests based on the constitutional values, demonstrates the essential similarities between judges and legislative character of the legislature. This again takes us into the realm of reality of the judicial law making. But it is of well acceptance that the court should not assume the role of a super-legislature. This is in another way described as judicial restraint. _____________________________________________________________________ AIR 1996 SC 2715 This principle of judicial self-restraint should not be stretched too far and too often to convert the court into a virtual rubber stamp of a legislature. The reason is that the concept of democracy includes provision of those rights, which make it possible for minorities to become majorities. A system that is founded on a doctrine such of the separation of powers and checks and balances necessarily calls for cooperation among governing institutions in policy making. A very relevant discussion regarding this will be imminent and this is Narmada Bachao Andolan v. Union of India11 and for that matter all of the infrastructural projects and the related policy issues. In this case it was opined by the Supreme Court that In present case, we are not concerned with polluting industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. what is being constructed is a large dam. The dam is neither a nuclear establishment nor polluting industry. The construction of a dam undoubtedly would result in the change of environment but it will not be correct to presume that the construction of a large dam like Sardar Sarovar will result in ecological disaster. The experience does not show that construction of a damà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦leads to ecological or environmental degradation. This signifies that the precautionary principle can be used only in the case of pollution and with reference to the Sustainable development Supreme Court observed that Sustainable development mea ns what type or extent of development can take place, which can be sustained by nature/ecology with or without mitigation. The courts have attempted to provide a balanced view of priorities while deciding environmental matters. As India is developing country, certain ecological sacrifices are deemed necessary, while keeping in mind the nature of the environmental in that area, and its criticality to the community. This is in order that future generations may benefit from policies and laws that further environment as well as developmental goals. Doctrine of Public trust: The applicant of the Professor Joseph Saxs doctrine of public trust is another important contribution by the Supreme Court of India. The doctrine of public trust calls for affirmative state action for effective management of resources and empowers the citizens to question ineffective management of natural resources. Chief Justice Y.K. Sabharwal points out that when the Supreme Court has applied the public trust doctrine, it has considered it not only as an international law concept, but also as one which is well established in our domestic legal system. _____________________________________________________________________ (2000) 10 SCC 664 In M.C. Mehta vs. Kamal Nath12 the Court held that the State, as a trustee of all natural resources, was under a legal duty to protect them, and that the resources were meant for public use and could not be transferred to private ownership. In the case of M.I. Builders Pvt. Ltd. vs Radhey Shyam Sahu13 it was observed by the Supreme Court that public trust doctrine have developed from the Article 21 of Constitution and is very much a part of the Indian legal jurisprudence. This again point towards the inevitability of the judicial legislation and as S.P. Sathe says that the Indian parliament have stopped legislating in the last two decades, naturally as an alternative people also started to look at Supreme Court as a institutional set up for the enforcement of their rights or rather as a sensible agency which could hear their problems. As Upendra Baxi says that the public interest (social action) litigation and the judicial activism had given the Supreme Court legitimacy to step into the shoes of the legislator and to make the law. The doctrine of public trust though borrowed from professor Joseph Sax is a real epitome of the creation of the new principle by the Supreme Court. The principles of sustainable development and its ancillary principles, like precautionary principle, polluter pay principle and the principle of inter-generational equity are further adopted in the latest judgment of the Supreme Court., namely, Karnataka Industrial Area Development Board-Vs- C. Kenchappa14 where the Apex Court clarified that there are two conditions which emanate from the principle of sustainable development :- The consequence and adverse impact of development on environment must be comprehended properly .It must be seen that the development activities does not cause irreparable loss to ecology of the area; The clearance of the project from the concerned pollution control boards and the Department of Forest and Environment must be made a mandatory condition for any developmental projects. In another recent case Intellectual Forum, Tirupathi-Vs- State of A.P. 15 the doctrine of Public Trust has been adopted your Apex Court as the integral part of the Indian Law. _____________________________________________________________________ (1997) 1 SCC 388 AIR 1999 SC 2468 AIR 2006 SC 2038 (2006) 3 SCC 552 Conclusion: From the above discussions it can be inferred that if we consider the era of globalization as a water shed then the role of Indian Judiciary in developing the environmental jurisprudence through its plethora of judgments may be divided in to two phases:- In the first phase in the pre-globalization stage i.e. just after the Bhopal Gas Disaster Case, 1984, our Apex Court has played a pro-active role in enforcing the environmental norms strictly in the light of the Stockholm Conference, 1972, without compromising with the interest of the industrialization and other socio economic problems of our country. Obviously such role of the Supreme Court created a conflict between the environment and development of the country. But in the second phase i.e. the post globalization stage, under the Brundtland Report, 1987 and Rio Declaration, 1992 the Indian Judiciary has made an adjustment with its earlier views and adopted different principles of sustainable development and attempted to resolve the conflict between interest of the corporate world environment. It is needless to say that such changing role of the Indian Courts paves the way of the multinational companies to come to our country due to the effect of the globalization. Actually, in the developing countries the industrialization is not the only cause of the environmental pollution. In the Stockholm Conference, 1972, the then Prime Minister of India, Mrs. Indira Gandhi in her speech stated, that the environmental problems of the developing countries are not the side effects of the excessive industrialization but reflect the inadequacy of development. The rich countries may look upon the development as the cause of environmental destruction but to us it is not all the primary means of improving the environment for living, of providing food, water, sanitation and shelter. The ecological ground should not add to the burdens of the weaker nations by introducing new consideration in the political and trade policies of rich nations. It would be ironical if the fights against pollution were to be completed into another business, out of which a few companies, corporations or nations would make profit at the cost of many. In my view the apprehension of Mrs. Gandhi in her aforesaid statements is still relevant after passing 39 years of the Stockholm Conference. It is true that in order to eradicate the poverty an advance economic growth of the country, industrialization is necessary and for the said purpose the balance is to be created between the effect of industrialization and the environmental protection. We should welcome the said seminal work of the Indian Judiciary as long as it is beneficial for the common people. But side by side it is to be kept in mind that whether the role of our Apex Court in the era of globalization will ultimately benefits a large number of common people of our country or it will turn into an instrument in the hands of a few multinational companies for making their profit at the cost of the interest of the people of India.